Background The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced the approach to the health-disease system, raising the question about the principles of bioethics present in physician–patient relations. The principles while widely accepted may not be sufficient for a comprehensive ethical analysis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the perception of these principles and the physician–patient relationship during a hospital stay through a qualitative approach. Method Sixteen semi-structured interviews took place to know the patients’ perception during their 2020 hospitalization for COVID-19. (...) The data was analyzed through the constant comparison method, creating categories and comparing them. In the end, seven categories were established and were grouped in three: bioethical principles (dignity, charity, vulnerability, autonomy), doctor-patient relationship (participant commitment, informed consent, health staff-patient relationship) and the experience of the disease (illness, the role of the family). Results The research found that most patients described a positive experience, with the feeling of having been well cared for with no sense of discrimination or injustice done. The majority also reported that their autonomy was respected in the treatment decisions. The evaluation of these attitudes is an area of opportunity, especially when the patients' vulnerability is at risk. Conclusions The ethics of virtue offers a better reflection of how human beings manifest themselves by emphasizing the development of virtuous character and behaviors that allow them to realize their values in life. Authorized by the Research Ethics Committee with registration: DI/18/105-B/3/308. (shrink)

Firm managers play an important role in the implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) actions. Education is emerging as the key factor in developing a sense of moral responsibility amongst the business students who will eventually become company managers and decision makers. The aim of this research is, thus, twofold. First, to analyze the existence of a direct positive correlation between university students’ perception of CSR and its impact on business performance; and second, to examine the extent to which two (...) factors (advantages brought by CSR and responsibilities toward stakeholders) act as mediation variables in the aforementioned correlation. The analysis was performed with a sample of 390 business‐related university students. Amongst the potential contributions made by this study we can highlight the possibility of knowing future managers’ way of thinking and of knowing the aspects where educational centers might improve their CSR teaching. (shrink)

Pedro Sanchez de Acre, born at the beginning of the 16th century, was a prebendary of the cathedral of Toledo. He wrote three books about moral philosophy: Tree of Consultation and Varied Teaching in 1584, Moral and Philosophical Histor y in 1590 and Triangle of the Three Theological Virtues in 1595. These three books, representative of Miscellany, one of the most editorially successful literary genres of the 16th century, have become completely unknown with the passing of time. Besides the (...) rare quotation, used mostly in writings of a bibliographic nature, the presence of these books in Spanish philosophy is almost nonexistent. (shrink)

Una de las principales aportaciones del siglo XII fue lo que M.-D. Chenu llamó l'éveil de la conscience, que implicaba la afirmación de la subjetividad a través del conocimiento de sí mismo. Artífices de este "despertar" fueron Pedro Abelardo y San Bernardo.

Brian Cutter objected to the consequence argument due to its dependence on the principle that miracle workers are metaphysically impossible. A miracle worker is someone who has the ability to act in a way such that the laws of nature would be violated. While there is something to the thought that agents like us do not have this ability, Cutter claims that there is no compelling reason to regard miracle workers as metaphysically impossible. However, the paper contends that miracle workers (...) are indeed impossible according to well-known theories concerning the laws of nature. This result highlights the reliance of the consequence argument on a plausible premise, which is widely accepted by proponents of non-Humean views of laws. The paper also provides a way to explain away the intuition that miracle workers are possible, but this has the upshot that a recent, two-dimensional formulation of the consequence argument is unsound. (shrink)

Although it has acquired an extraordinary social diffusion, entrepreneurial education has a certain lack of definition associated with its conceptualisation and meaning. It seems clear that entrepreneurial education is linked to the economic sphere, but it is not limited to the productive sector. The idea of entrepreneurial education has been progressively enriched, being linked to the development of skills for personal growth and social progress. Further clarification of the meaning and scope of entrepreneurial education is, therefore, needed. Thus, it is (...) relevant to analyse entrepreneurial identity in the context of personal identity via the theoretical–explanatory investigation of a model developed in two phases. A critical analysis leads us to study the different factors that intervene in the configuration of this identity in an attempt to construct a systemic map of entrepreneurial action. Between the private and the public, entrepreneurs seek new ways of facing the challenges of our times, trying to find new ways of regenerating the links between individuals and institutions and with society in general. In this sense, we show how entrepreneurial educational ecosystems acquire relevance insofar as they consider the subject as the principle of action rather than merely the result of various contextual factors. (shrink)

De acuerdo con la crítica especializada, Aristóteles consolida el saber acumulado sobre los principios de la investigación filosófica y extrae sustancia de aquel saber para impulsar sus propios e innovadores desarrollos teórico-metodológicos, con los cuales labra y apuntala su filosofía crítica y autocrítica. La reconstrucción aristotélica de la historia crítica de la filosofía en sus cimientos y bases formativas no es en modo alguno un recuento mecánico de los desarrollos labrados por los filósofos precedentes y antecesores, sino que el filósofo (...) responde a los desafíos cognitivos que los problemas filosóficos, considerados en sí mismos, suponen e implican para el investigador que busca la verdad tanto acerca del origen del problema filosófico como acerca del origen, desarrollo y evolución de la filosofía. Mirando la tradición, para Aristóteles es claro que la filosofía ha introducido una nueva mirada sobre el mundo, la naturaleza, el ser humano y el horizonte vital de la humanidad. En la medida en que, con la tradición filosófica, contribuye a sepultar la visión mítico-religiosa, su imagen acabada, perfecta del mundo, Aristóteles contribuye también a fortalecer y robustecer la actitud y la visión científico-filosóficas que el pensamiento crítico-reflexivo viene labrando desde que fuera puesto en acto por los primeros y más tempranos filósofos. El presente artículo sostiene que Aristóteles emplea la medicina como recurso argumentativo para explicar que la imagen científica del mundo está condenada a ser incompleta, inacabada e imperfecta precisamente porque está libre del lastre dogmático del mito y porque se define, además, por su carácter crítico-experimental. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted medical care in many ways; previously, a patient would enter a hospital and had an approximate idea of what would happen upon his admission, the physician informed them about it, but in the last two years this scenario has changed. Therefore, our aim was to identify if bioethical principles are present in the physician–patient relationship and the effect of these in the health care provided, through an observational and descriptive study where patients answered the validated (...) ReMePaB questionnaire that measures the presence of bioethical principles in the physician–patient relationship, on the seventh day of their hospital stay and 24 h after discharge, during the period from 1 August to 5 November 2020. In autonomy, an improvement in the score was observed in the second application compared to the first measurement; in the principle of non-vulnerability, the same scenario was observed for the first and second measurements, respectively. In the principles of beneficence, dignity, and justice, no statistically significant differences were observed. Considering the presence or absence of bioethical aspects in health care in this pandemic creates an area of opportunity to know the feelings of the patient during the care received and to maintain what is done well and improve those aspects that can be improved. (shrink)

This paper straightforwardly addresses one of the strongest, from an ethical perspective, objections presented to the duty to die, the one concerned with the lack of a normative theory to support it, offered by Seay in his paper Can there be a “duty to die” without a normative theory? The aim of the paper is to provide strong metaethical grounds to support the duty to die without the need of a moral normative theory. First, the definition and main argument for (...) the duty to die will be presented. Second, Seay’s objection will be described and clearly explained. Third, our metaphysical assumptions and a preliminary metaethical discussion will be offered to situate and understand the context. Finally, we will show how the duty to die can be integrated within the metaethical approach previously presented, defending that there is no need of a normative theory to provide good justification and strong ethical grounds for the duty to die, because they will have already been provided by our metaethical argument. (shrink)

Este artículo reseña: Andrés GARCÍA INDA, La dulce militancia. Crítica de la razón indignada,prólogo de Chaime Marcuello Servós, ediciones Mensajero, Bilbao, 2020, 167 pp.

This book examines the human ability to participate in moments of joint feeling. It presents an answer to the question concerning the nature of our faculty to share in what might be called episodes of collective affective intentionality. The proposal develops the claim that our capacity to participate in such episodes is grounded in an ability central to our human condition: our capacity to care with one another about certain things. The author provides a phenomenologically adequate account of collective affective (...) intentionality that takes seriously the idea that feelings are at the core of our emotional relation to the world. He details a form of group emotional orientation that relies on the fact that the participating individuals have come to share a number of concerns. Readers will learn that at the heart of a collective affective intentional episode, one does not merely find a set of shared concerns, but also a particular mode of caring. In the end, the argument presented in this monograph makes plausible the idea that the emotions through which humans participate in moments of affective intentional community express our nature. In addition, it shows that the debate on collective affective intentionality also permits us to better understand the relationship between two conflicting philosophical pictures of ourselves: the idea that we are essentially social beings and the claim that we are creatures for whom our personal existence is an issue. Thus, aiming at an elucidation of the nature of our ability to feel together, the book offers a detailed account of what it is to situationally express our human nature by caring about something in a properly joint manner. (shrink)

Tradicionalmente la conceptualización del tópico persona se ha circunscrito a ámbitos como la teología, la filosofía o la antropología. Sin embargo, la incorporación del tópico a gran parte de los textos de naturaleza política, así como en las declaraciones de derechos y tratados internacionales adoptados a partir de la II Guerra Mundial ha supuesto la constitucionalización del mismo. Consecuentemente, como término constitucional su interpretación queda a merced de los actores jurídicos designados para ello en el sistema político constitucional. Es por (...) ello, que, con el fin de determinar el contenido de significado actual del tópico ha de atenderse a las sentencias que interpretan la norma fundante. En este artículo, centramos nuestro estudio en la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional Español. Esto nos permite poner de relieve el concepto de persona en ellas contenido: su alcance y sus limitaciones. (shrink)

El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar el impacto del estrés emocional en la adecuada toma de decisiones y práctica médica oportuna y de calidad de los estudiantes que cursan el quinto año de la carrera en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Se utilizó una lista de valoración para las competencias de la simulación de reanimación cardiopulmonar avanzada, y un Cuestionario de Maslach Burnout Inventory para valorar los sentimientos, actitudes y de (...) desgaste profesional. Los resultados muestran que aquellos que estaban expuestos a mayor cantidad de labores recientes y estrés fueron más propensos de incidir en errores médicos durante la toma de decisiones y su aprendizaje. This study was conducted with the aim of assessing the impact of emotional stress in the appropriate decision-making and quality medical practice of fifth year medical students from the Faculty of Medicine of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. It was used an assessment list for cardiopulmonary resuscitation simulation competence and a Maslach Burnout Inventory Questionnaire was used to assess feelings, attitudes and professional wear and tear. Results show those who were exposed to a greater number of recent tasks and to greater stress were more likely to make medical mistakes while making decisions and learning. (shrink)

O artigo analisa, a partir sobretudo do pensamento de Hannah Arendt, o desafio que representa para a política “viver junto”. Embora a expressão origine-se com o ensaísta francês Roland Barthes, o objetivo do artigo é quadruplo: (1) apresentar seu fundamento ontológico na condição humana ou existencial de “ser-com”, ou seja, de ser junto aos outros, pensada desde Martin Heidegger; (2) descrever seu sentido político pela conjugação entre isonomia e diferença na forma da pluralidade pela qual cada pessoa pode aparecer singularmente (...) em atos e palavras, de acordo com uma liberdade frente a quaisquer predeterminações; (3) demonstrar como a recente situação da pandemia de Covid-19 radicalizou o impasse de viver junto – e separado – em sociedade, particularmente no caso do Brasil, colocando em relevo uma dimensão coletiva da liberdade pela interdependência entre os seres humanos; e (4) apontar a importância da forma de governo da república, mas também os perigos da sua fragilização nas democracias contemporâneas no que se refere à dificuldade de responder – como viver junto? (shrink)

Donde la palabra se torna insuficiente y la realidad se vuelve inenarrable, la imagen y la ficción pueden convertirse en el único resquicio para contar lo que debe ser contado. Es por ello que el álbum ilustrado se revela como idóneo para abordar la cuestión del Holocausto con un público infantil y juvenil. Este artículo presenta el análisis de los rasgos definitorios de los álbumes con tal temática mediante el estudio de un corpus de cuatro ejemplos, y ahonda en las (...) posibilidades didácticas de un título en particular, Bruno. El niño que aprendió a volar, de Nadia Terranova y Ofra Amit. Los resultados nos hacen concluir que es posible crear desde el lirismo imágenes para enseñar la más infame atrocidad. (shrink)

What follows is but the attempt to draw the lessons from the mystical and visionary text of Teresa of?vila in order to consider today issues that concern us, questions that are asked of Aesthetics, and not only as theoretical discipline that theorises on the arts and considers the beautiful, but as a reflection on a?sthesis, of sensitivity, of the sensitive edge exposed by a constituent relationship which installs the human in a world. Consideration, then, of the happening, of entering the (...) world, creative experience. This essay seeks to consider the relationship between the image and the body via the visionary discourse of the mystics, because their writings question and lend shape to a large number of formulae of thought that can help us better understand the questions facing us today. Let us imagine that the mystics made of their body a frontier or a support where what by definition has no place could take place. Place: part of space occupied by a body, the boundary of a containing object. This then is what is addressed here, a question of boundaries. nema. (shrink)

El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica sobre el estado de la cuestión del uso de YouTube como herramienta de aprendizaje musical informal por parte de usuarios adolescentes. En la actualidad, los jóvenes, nativos digitales y usuarios avanzados de redes sociales y plataformas de audio y vídeo online, recurren constantemente a YouTube como recurso lúdico para su aprendizaje. Sin embargo, habiendo utilizado los parámetros de la revisión sistemática PRISMA, nuestro estudio demuestra que existe (...) una reducida literatura específica que aborde el tema en cuestión. (shrink)

The formation of the moral point of view in Bernard Williams’ work might be understood as taking place between two central concepts: the individual and the community. It is through the tension between these two poles that some form of knowledge is acquired. In Williams’ work, the individual virtue takes the name of authenticity, and the communitarian knowledge is, importantly, ethical confidence. A philosophical peer of Williams, Alasdair MacIntyre, has dealt with the same question, although in very different ways. They (...) are usually taken to be philosophical rivals in many respects, especially regarding their political views, their views on religion and their thoughts on Aristotle. But if we look deeper into their claims, we should discover that not only do they have similar ethical concerns, as their responses to those concerns are not, in essence, as different as they seem. My purpose with this paper, however, is not to deny the important differences between the two philosophers, but rather to make conspicuous Williams’ demanding ideas on the formation of the moral point of view by (1) connecting significant portions of his work and (2) contrasting his ideas with that of a philosophical “rival,” namely by interpreting MacIntyre’s own declarations on Williams’ work. It will stand out that both philosophers’ motivation to do ethics is to grant an equilibrium between the individual conscience and the moral knowledge that is acquired within a community. (shrink)

Despite its biological importance, the mechanism of formation of cutin, the polymeric matrix of plant cuticles, has not yet been fully clarified. Here, for the first time, we show the participation in the process of lipid vesicles formed by the self‐assembly of endogenous polyhydroxy fatty acids. The accumulation and fusion of these vesicles (cutinsomes) at the outer part of epidermal cell wall is proposed as the mechanism for early cuticle formation. BioEssays 30:273–277, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

In the context of business, interactions between individuals generate social systems that emerge anywhere within a corporation or in its relations with external agents. These systems influence the behaviors of individuals and, as a result, the collective actions we usually attribute to corporations. Social systems thus make a difference in processes of action that are often morally evaluated by internal and external agents to the firm. Despite this relevance, social systems have not yet been the object of specific attention in (...) the literature on moral agency in business. To fill this gap, I construct a theoretical framework based on Luhmann’s ideas on social systems and morality. In particular, I argue that morality is a phenomenon that occurs in communication, and an agent can engage in morality in three different ways (as a _moral factor_, an _expressive moral agent_, or a _reflective moral agent_) depending on the functions it plays in communicative interactions. Based on this framework, I argue that social systems in business can be considered moral agents of those types. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo principal analisar o pensamento desenvolvido por Georges Canguilhem e Gilbert Simondon sobre dois conceitos principais: o conceito de organismo e de máquina. A intenção é de reconstruir, a partir das continuidades e descontinuidades entre os dois conceitos, o raciocínio desenvolvido pelos dois autores sobre esses temas na história da filosofia francesa do século passado. Assim, tomamos como escopo as obras La connaissance de la vie, publicada por Canguilhem em 1952 e a tese complementar de doutoramento (...) de Simondon, orientada por Canguilhem, Du mode d’existence des objets techniques, de 1958. A partir disso, o texto se divide em seis partes: uma introdução, onde damos as especificações de escopo e de análise, seguida pela primeira parte, onde analisamos os conceitos de pensamento, conhecimento, sujeito e objeto. Em seguida, na parte dois, analisamos os conceitos de máquina, mecanismo e motor, como utilizadas em Canguilhem, e os conceitos de indivíduo, elemento e conjunto técnico desenvolvidas por Simondon. A terceira parte se dedica a analisar a questão do autômato, bem como os conceitos de mecanismo e finalismo. A quarta parte desenvolve o conceito de organismo-máquina e os conceitos de potencialidade e de teleologia desenvolvidos principalmente em Canguilhem. Por fim, na conclusão, analisamos as aproximações e distâncias entre os dois autores, bem como a imagem do monstro e do robô. (shrink)

El proyecto filosófico kantiano se propone dar cuenta de la experiencia estética. En efecto, Kant reconstruye la tradición filosófico–formativa, elabora una crítica metodológica y problematiza la comprensión de la experiencia estética. El artículo explica, en consecuencia, cómo la estética ilustrada replantea el problema originario de la filosofía como disciplina intelectual del pensamiento científico–crítico que investiga y se empeña en reflexionar, comprender y explicar racionalmente la experiencia de lo bello. Se averigua, luego, qué rescata Kant de los aportes baumgarteanos, y se (...) descubre y expone sucintamente la teoría de la asimilación con la cual Kant sintetiza los logros teórico–prácticos de Baumgarten para integrarlos, depurados y perfeccionados, al sistema de las ciencias filosóficas. El método kantiano supera las limitaciones del método tradicional. Sostengo que el aporte kantiano a la estética como disciplina filosófica abre un nuevo horizonte de comprensión crítica en el estudio filosófico de la experiencia estética. (shrink)

La filosofía judía contemporánea, particularmente la surgida de la historia herida del pensador lituano Emmanuel Levinas, presenta de modo exclusivista la reducción de la relación religiosa a relación ética. No sólo queda ahí su propuesta sino que este filó-sofo judío considera la experiencia mística una degeneración o peligro para la religiosidad auténtica. En cambio, el mayor especialista español en los estudios de fenomenología de la religión, el pensador cristiano Juan Martín Velasco, considera la experiencia mística como la culminación de la (...) experiencia religiosa. (shrink)

A través del presente ejercicio investigativo y hermenéutico se busca proponer la beneficencia como principio articulador entre la Teología Moral de la Persona, la Bioética y las Prácticas Biomédicas, con el fin de salvaguardar al ser humano de forma integral y desde el ámbito interdisciplinar, frente a la manipulación y menoscabo de la persona en su: dignidad, status antropológico, verdad ontológica y trascendente, lo cual nos lleva a proponer alternativas, dadas las nuevas circunstancias por las que atraviesa la humanidad; y (...) es aquí donde adquiere resonancia proponer la Beneficencia como principio articulador entre estas tres ciencias, dado que ella, como principio, está en los tres saberes de forma implícita y explícita y, las cuales, por su misma esencia, tienen puntos de convergencia como son: la determinación de su carácter moral, su estatuto de servicio, la salvaguarda de la riqueza de la vida, el reconocimiento y respeto por la dignidad humana, el reconocimiento de la multidimensionalidad del ser, y el cuidado que requiere toda persona humana en su fragilidad y vulnerabilidad. Además de lo anterior se cuenta con un abordaje teórico sobre la bioética como saber interdisciplinar; los principios de la bioética y la relación de la teología moral de la persona con la bioética. El presente ejercicio investigativo fue llevado a cabo en un lapso de dos años. (shrink)

El inteligente hombre Sin lugar a dudas el más extraordinario descubrimiento que ha hecho el hombre, de lo que de por sí le es innato, es la inteligencia. Una que empezó a ser humana cuando nuestros antepasados decidieron bajar de los árboles y, algún día, ya nutridos de raíces y de frutos secos con un alto valor proteínico, observaron que el palo y la piedra que llevaban en sus manos y a los que habían recurrido para defenderse, al darles unos (...) golpes con destreza, soltaban unos pequeños trozos que, a la vez, creaban unas aristas que los convertían en instrumentos de primerísima categoría para, por ejemplo, ‘crear’ el fuego, carnear los animales cazados, atemorizarlos hasta el punto de poder domesticarlos y cultivar las plantas; creando a su alrededor un hábitat distinto al que la naturaleza les ofrecía. No había que salir a buscar el alimento todos los días recorriendo grandes distancias y exponiéndose a los peligros implícitos en esas actividades; podían valerse de los animales y plantas de la ‘granja, dejando tiempo para el ocio, el entretenimiento, el compartir con los demás integrantes del clan, amar a sus mujeres, educar a sus hijos y cultivar el arte de dejar plasmados en las paredes sus hazañas, sueños, esperanzas y temores. Todo eso gracias a su inteligencia. (shrink)

La discusión sobre las consecuencias políticas del pensamiento de L. Wittgenstein ha girado sobre la posibilidad de construir miradas críticas sobre lo social, su legitimidad, amplitud, fuerza, etc. Sin embargo, aproximar a Wittgenstein a una posición materialista, como la entendía L. Althusser, conduce a una comprensión diferente de la crítica, vinculada a la tarea de deconstruir el discurso filosófico que intenta unificar y organizar jerárquicamente las evidencias (certezas) constitutivas de los diferentes juegos de lenguaje en los que se despliega lo (...) social. Se intenta extraer de esta aproximación una distinción entre la filosofía como práctica teórica ideológica y como práctica teórica crítica. The discussion regarding the political consequences of Wittgenstein's thought has focused on the possibility of building critical approaches to the legitimacy, amplitude, strength, etc. of the social sphere. However, bringing Wittgenstein close to a materialist position as understood by L. Althusser leads to a different understanding of critique, linked to the deconstruction of the philosophical discourse that attempts to unify and hierarchically organize the certainties that are constitutive of the different language games in which the social is deployed. On the basis of this approach, the article attempts to draw a distinction between philosophy as ideological theoretical practice and as critical theoretical practice. (shrink)